Monday, December 30, 2019

Problem Set - 663 Words

Me1 Problem Set #2 The US College Enrollment and the â€Å"Third Law of Demand† A theorem proposed by Professors Alchian and Allen in their text, University Economics (1964) has had several rebirths of interest in the literature. The so-called â€Å"third law of demand,† or â€Å"relative price theorem,† holds that a fixed cost added to a good of varying quality causes the consumer to prefer the category considered of higher quality to the lower. Recently a number of studies, keeping this theorem in mind have looked into a relationship between the ratio of public to private enrollment and unemployment in cross-sectional as well as in time series data. Part of the full cost of participating in higher education is foregone employment income. In their†¦show more content†¦Tables 2 and 3 show a clear distinction between the two genders. Table 2 Dependent Variable: Enrollment Ratio for Males (t values in Parentheses) State Level Data Repressors Coefficient Estimates CONSTANT 9.032 (1.196) UNEMPLOYMENT 0.8753 (0.539) UNEMPLOYMENT SQUARED 0.0l0 (0.409) INCOME -0.00008 -(0.354) FINANCIAL AID -0.1065** -(1.618) TUITION RATIO -5.4489 -(0.565) POPULATION -0.0029* -(1.881) N= 51, R2 =0.1503 ,F =1.297 Table 3 Dependent Variable: Enrollment Ratio for Males and Females (t values in Parentheses) State Level Data Repressors Coefficient Estimates Females Males CONSTANT -286.542 9.032 -(1.210) (1.196) UNEMPLOYMENT 99.510* 0.8753 (1.956) (0.539) UNEMPLOYMENT SQUARED -1.187* 0.010 -(1.491) (0.409) INCOME 0.01515** -0.10008 (2.240) -(0.354) FINANCIAL AID -4.4702** -0.1065* -(2.165) -(1.618) TUITION RATIO -114.185 -5.4489 -(0.378) -(0.565) POPULATION -0.0636 -0.0029* -(1.296) -(1.881) N 51 51 R2 0.2171 0.1503 F 2.034 1.297 **0.05 level of significance * 0.01 level of significanceShow MoreRelatedproblem set 2959 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿PROBLEM SET 2 Name: ___________________________________ Problem Set 2 is to be completed by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 4. 1. The following table presents data for wages in the market for internet security professionals. (HINT: in the labor market the roles are reversed. Those who want to hire labor are the demanders. The workers enter the work force providing labor to the market place so they are the suppliers.) Wage Quantity Demanded Quantity supplied $50,000 20,000 14,000 $60Read MoreProblem Set 3691 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Problem Set 3 Problem Set 3 is to be completed by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 6. 1. Data for the market for graham crackers is shown below. Calculate the elasticity of demand between the following prices. Price of crackers Quantity Demanded (per month) $3 80 $2.5 120 $2 160 $1.5 200 $1 240 $1.00 - $1.50: Elasticity of demand equals .45; favoring inelasticity $1.50 - $2.00: Elasticity of demand equals .78; favoring inelasticity $2.00 - $2.50: Elasticity of demand equals 1.29; favoringRead MoreAccounting Problem Sets1214 Words   |  5 PagesName: _________________________________________ Instructions: The exam is composed of six problems worth a total of 100 Points Make sure you have all parts in your exam. Including this cover page, you should have ten pages. Each problem has its own set of instructions. Unclear responses will receive 0 points. Show all work for partial credit. You may abbreviate labels to save time. If you do not have enough space for your answer, use the back of the page to complete it. ProvideRead MoreProblem Set 3748 Words   |  3 PagesFNCE 101 Problem Set #3 Due: 11-5-12 1. A) The private savings would not change, in the long-run, because since consumers tend to be consumption-smoothers, there would be a natural switch from the consumption of foreign goods to the consumption of domestic goods. However, in the short-run, there would be a decrease in savings because the demand for domestic goods would increase thus increasing domestic prices and since consumers are consumption-smoothers, they would dip into private savingsRead MoreProblem Set 2788 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: PROBLEM SET I Problem Set I â€Æ' Problem Set I 4-20 Juan’s Taco Company has restaurants in five college towns. Juan wants to expand into Austin and College Station and needs a bank loan to do this. Mr. Bryan, the banker, will finance construction if Juan can present an acceptable three-month financial plan for January through March. The following are actual and forecasted sales figures: Table 1 Actual November $120,000 December 140,000 Forecast January $190,000 FebruaryRead MoreProblem Set 1842 Words   |  4 PagesPROBLEM SET # 1 Instructions: 1) Open book, open notes limited to only class materials. 2) Unlimited time. 3) This must be reflective of your individual effort. GMU Honor Code applies. 4) The Problem Set #1 (only the question solutions portion) is due at the end of the day on September 24th. 5) Show all work, as partial credit will be given for each question’s answer. Organize your work so it is easy to follow. You can use word, power point, excel or combinationsRead MoreProblem set 1788 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ECP 6705 – First Problem Set Fall, 2014 Name or Names: (if a group of two) 1. Write a memo to UWF COB Dean Tim O’Keefe explaining why you believe offering a tuition increase for the next semester MBA students will increase total revenue (assume that he has heard of elasticity, but is no expert on the subject). 2. Mentone Cabins recently reduced price by 20 percent and saw volume increase by 10 percent. Should the owners reduce price furtherRead MoreMacroeconomics - Problem Set2855 Words   |  12 Pagessupply) and into leisure. Problem Set 2: Suggested Solutions 2 Taxes in the Real Intertemporal Model (40 Raw Points) Taxes in the Real Intertemporal Model This problem studies the eï ¬â‚¬ects of a permanent (lump sum) tax decrease on macroeconomic variables such as This problem studies the effects of a permanent (lump sum) tax decrease on macroeconomic variables such as employemployment, output, consumption, investment, interest rates, and real wages. This problem is particularly ment, outputRead MoreProblem set Essay1062 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ 1. EP Enterprises has the following income statement. How much net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) does the firm have? Sales $1,800.00 Costs 1,400.00 Depreciation 250.00 EBIT $ 150.00 Interest expense 70.00 EBT $ 80.00 Taxes (40%) 32.00 Net income $ 48.00 a. $81.23 b. $85.50 c. $90.00 EBIT $150.00 Read MoreProblem Set Ii2197 Words   |  9 PagesChapter 12 ********** 22, 32, 40 Evan Lee Turner #22 Random samples of five were selected from each of three populations. The sum of squares total was 100. The sum of squares due to the treatments was 40. a. Set up the null hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis. b. What is the decision rule? Use the .05 significance level. c. Complete the ANOVA table. What is the value of F? d. What is your decision regarding the null hypothesis?

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Where Does Robot End And Human Begin - 844 Words

With the rapid development of new technology, what will it mean to be human in the future? Human is defined in many ways, but the defining part of our humanity is our mind. The most important part of our humanity is the brain, Mentally Disabled people think differently to the majority and are therefore put into a separate category to others. People existing in other realities are still human, the decisions they make and the way they think are still human. Robots imitating the human mind are perceived as mostly human. In a blind test an AI was voted 59.3 per cent human, while the humans themselves were rated just 63.3 per cent human. The question of our humanity is one that has befuddled philosophers and scientists alike for many years. But the problem exists where in the future, we will need to ask. Where does robot end and human begin? The defining characteristics of a person are constrained within their brain. Social deviants are placed separately to the rest of everyone and a different set of rule apply when you are interacting with them. People who are mentally ill or disabled have a different mind or way of thinking to the rest of us and are treate d differently from the majority of humanity. People who have an exceptional intelligence are also treated a similarly. They are sometimes given special names such as D.R. and are taken from the rest of the students after school to be given a separate education to the rest of us. Anyone with a different way of thinkingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Karel Capek s Rossum s Universal Robots1629 Words   |  7 Pages Fearless Robot Labor In Karel Capek’s Rossum’s Universal Robots, the factory which Helena visits and lives at mass produces robots sold as workers around the world. Originally, old Rossum began experimenting with the artificial creation of a human being in order to uproot and imitate God. The young Rossum then simply wanted to extinguish the need for human workers by creating robots that would completely take over all the work that is necessary to sustain the human race. The robots that he thenRead More Analysis of a Sixty Second Sequence of I Robot Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesSequence of I Robot Throughout this essay I will be analysing a sixty second sequence of the film I-Robot. Directed by Alex Proyas, the film was released in 2004 and was a hit at the box office. The film is an action-thriller inspired by Isaac Asimov’s classic short story collection. Asimov’s books set forth the three laws of robotics. Law 1. A Robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. Law 2. A Robot must obey orders given it by human beings exceptRead MoreAnalysis Of Wall E Animated Science Fiction Film Directed By Andrew Stanton1503 Words   |  7 Pageslearn of what they have gotten themselves into. The boys laugh and tell you to grow up, however, the ladies are a little bit nicer, but you can tell they are not impressed. Your friends reluctantly honor your decision and begin to watch the television screen as the trash-collecting robot appears. Ninety-eight minutes later, you have successfully added new members to your animation fan group.   A Disney and Pixar Animation Studio production, WALL-E is a 2008 computer animated science fiction film directedRead MoreTechnology And Technology : The Economic Impact Of Technology?748 Words   |  3 PagesThe article begins with an example of how technology has evolved. Before the 1970s, gas stations had to hire employees to pump gas for customers. Today there are over 168,000 gas stations in the United States and very few of these stations hire attendants to pump gas. Maney then explores the true economic impact of the automation. For instance, the number of men with college degrees doubled and the number of women with college degrees quadrupled between 1970 and 2015. With more educated peopleRead MoreSilent Manipulation Alex Proyas’ film I, Robot1674 Words   |  7 PagesFrom the moment humans are born, they are shaped by the world around them and chances are that the media plays a huge role in shaping their identity. To the music they listen to, to fashion trends , to their beliefs, the news outlets and television shows could be held responsible. In 2004, the media had a much greater influence over American citizens because of the historical context of the time. Alex Proyas’ film I, Robot had taken advantage of the fact that people had become so easily influencedRead MoreAnalysis Of Leonardo Da Vinci s A Man With A Mechanical Body 1334 Words   |  6 Pageslife-changing robots and creating pieces of literature and film that show how humanity has changed and how our society interacts with these bionic people. 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Therefore, computer science and, in particular, coding should be mandatory curricula in public education that will future-proof students for job acquisition and enhance primary language literacy. Robots are becoming more prevalent inRead MoreEssay on Lovely Bones: Mr. Harveys Childhood784 Words   |  4 Pagesnovel Lovely Bones. It is easy for the reader to show absolutely no pity for this character. However, in Chapter 15, the author Alice Sebold converts this heartless soul into an individual that urges the reader to offer him sympathy instead. Sebold begins the chapter by reflecting on the tremendous amount of hardships that George Harvey endures in his childhood. As a child, George and his mother depend on each other, as they struggle through life in poverty and dread the presence of his father. Alongside

Friday, December 13, 2019

Children With Sickle Cell Disease Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Transcranial Doppler scanning ( TCD ) is a critical technique which can place kids with reaping hook cell disease at high hazard for shot ( Deane et al. , 2007 ) .This non-invasive imagination technique uses an ultrasound investigation, that produces high frequence sound waves to mensurate intellectual blood flow. We will write a custom essay sample on Children With Sickle Cell Disease Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this survey, cubic decimeter will be looking at the undermentioned everyday hematologic and biochemical research lab trials, hemoglobin, reticulocytes, white count, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine in 250 reaping hook cell disease ( SCD ) affected kids with in the age group of 3-16years who attend the Brent Sickle and Thalassaemia Clinic at Central Middlesex Hospital in May 2010 to May 2011. My purpose is to utilize the above listed research lab trials to place all kids who are at hazard of enduring from the complications of SCD like vaso-occlusive hurting crisis, acute chest syndrome, infections, stroke to multi organ failure. TCD is performed one time a twelvemonth at one-year reappraisal assignments on all kids with reaping hook cell disease to find if they are at hazard of developing any SCD complications. During this survey any kid identified to hold unnatural hematologic and biochemical research lab trials listed supra will hold a TCD regardl ess of whenever it was done. If the TCD identifies that any kid with those unnatural hematologic and biochemical parametric quantities is at a high hazard of developing complications of SCD particularly stroke, so the current National Health Service ( NHS ) intervention program for kids with SCD must be changed to supply an even more robust intervention plan.The significance of this survey hence is to better hereafter pattern and attention for kids with SCD. This will intend that any SCD affected kid with those unnatural hematologic and biochemical parametric quantities will be referred for TCD regardless of whether they have had their annual scan in a pursuit to better their wellness and wellness attention direction. Prevention is better than remedy. 2. Introduction Hemoglobinopathies are a broad group of diseases impacting the production and or the maps of hemoglobin. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . They are one of the most common familial upsets worldwide and can be really terrible, if non fatal. They are classed into two groups: Haemoglobin discrepancies which arise from an change in the hematohiston concatenation, for illustration, Sickle hemoglobin ( Hb S ) Thalassaemias which arise from reduced production of the normal hematohiston concatenation. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) SCD is one of the most common familial upsets impacting the hemoglobin molecule of ruddy blood cells ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . SCD is an autosomal recessionary disease, intending a individual needs two faulty cistrons to hold the disease ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . There are several reaping hooks cell diseases: homozygous reaping hook cell anemia or disease ( HbSS ) and heterozygote conditions including Hb SC and Hb S? thalassemia ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . HbSS is responsible for the most terrible complications seen in reaping hook cell disease ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . The prevalence of SCD is highest among people of African, Afro-Caribbean, Arab and Mediterranean lineage ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) It is widespread in the United States, impacting over 70,000 Afro- Americans and impacting about 12,500 people in the UK ( Howard et Al ; Kirkham et al. , 2007 ) . Sickle cell is progressively going common in the UK as a effect of migration ( Howard et al.,2007 ) . The life anticipation in SCD is between 42 and 53 old ages for work forces and 48 and 58 old ages for adult females. This low life anticipation is likely to increase as the wellness service have put in topographic point national showing programmes, instruction for parents and wellness professionals and better directions attention. Complications SCD is a multi-organ upset with a assortment of complications. The most common complications include, vaso-occlusive hurting crisis, acute chest syndrome, infections, shot, priapism, leg ulcers, cholecystitis, acute splenic or hepatic segregation to multi organ failure. ( Gladwin et al, 2008 ) . Vaso-occlusine hurting crises is due to sickle cells blockading vass in the microcirculation taking to ischemic harm in the castanetss, the lung, the kidneys and in the tegument ( leg ulcers ) , ( Gladwin et al, 2008 ) . Stroke is an of import complication as it is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in SCD kids. ( NHS Standard and Guidance, March 2009 ) . It has been reported as a taking cause of decease in both kids and grownups. Infarctive shot is seen chiefly in kids whereas hemorrhagic shot is normally seen in the 20-29 age groups, ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ) . The grounds for this age division are non good understood. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . By the age of 10, about 6 % of SCD kids are affected by ischemic shot ( .Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . It is caused by the progressive narrowing of the center, distal and anterior carotid arterias providing blood to the encephalon consequences in shot ( Deane et al, 2007 ) . However, grounds for this progressive narrowing are yet to be established ( Deane et al, 2007 ) , but recent surveies suggest an association between high degrees of plasma free hemoglobin ( PTH ) from hemolysis, quickly devouring azotic oxide ( NO ) , which may ensue in events suppressing blood flow. ( Nelson et al, 2006 ) . Even though it is a really serious complication in SCD kids, it can be preventable. ( Quinn et al 2004 ) , if these kids are identified. Transcranial Doppler scanning ( TCD ) has been shown to place patients at high hazard of shot ( Deane et al, 2007 ) . TCD is an ultrasound that measures blood flow speed in the intracerebral vass. ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . It is non invasive, reasonably expensive and a painless process that is good tolerated in kids. ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . This high hazard of shot brought approximately by The Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anaemia ( STOP ) survey. This survey was perfomed by a group of scientist in 1996. It showed that high blood speeds as measured by TCD in the in-between intellectual arteria ( MCA ) , the distal internal arteria ( dICA ) and the bifurcation were associated with an increased hazard of shot. . ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . These kids with high blood flow speeds were so on a regular basis transfused to cut down the hazard of shot [ new ref Adams RJ. , 1998 ] . The STOP survey has has proven important consequences on TCD as an valuable wellness technique in forestalling shot hazard in kids. ( Adams RJ. , 1998 ) given Furthermore, an experimental survey by Fullerton et Al, 2004 on SCD kids in California showed that there was a diminution in shot after the debut of TCD with contraceptive transfusion preventative steps were taken. . ( Rees et al, 2008 ) . Many surveies have shown the benefits of mensurating high blood speeds on TCD and subsequent transfusion to cut down hemoglobin S can cut down the hazard of shot. ( ) . Based on these surveies, National counsel from the NHS Sickle and Thalassaemia testing programmes recommended the usage of TCD scans all over the state. The guidelines proposed that by 2010, 99 % of reaping hook cell Centres in England should offer one-year TCD scans to kids with SCD from age 2 to 16 old ages. The scan consequences are classed into classs depending on the clip averaged maximum average speed ( TAMMV ) of the in-between intellectual arteria or the intracranial internal carotid arterias or the bifurcation of the two arterias, ( Standard and Guidance, March 2008 ) . TAMMV values A ; lt ; 170 cm/s are normal, 170-199cm/s are conditional and A ; gt ; 200cm/s are important forecasters of shot. ( Standard and Guidance, March 2008 ) . However, studies in the UK have shown that many kids do non hold entree to TCD scans ( Rees et al 2008 ) . Therefore it is imperative to place kids at high hazard for shot so that effectual preventative steps are taken. In this survey, based on cardinal hematologic and biochemical modus operandi trials we aim to happen research lab parametric quantities which can be used as showing tools for shot and be used in placing those kids most likely to hold an unnatural TCD scan. If these labaoratory paramaters can place SCD kids at increased hazard for shot it may take to recommendations for future pattern to include precedence for TCD scans to be given to these kids. Treatment In the UK, the National Health Service ( NHS ) has developed local guidelines for the intervention and direction of SCD, including: a combination of antibiotics, hurting slayers, fluids and ruddy cell transfusion when required. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . Hydroxyurea, an unwritten anticancer drug is besides used in some SCD patients to forestall painful crises ( Frenette et al, 2007 ) . Hydroxyurea works by increasing fetal hemoglobin F ( Hb F ) degrees which prevents the polymerization of the deoxygenated HbS in ruddy cells, therefore diminishing the frequence of painful crises ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . Reports from Howard et al 2007 and Frenate et Al 2007 besides explain that Hydroxyurea improves ruddy cell hydration, diminishing the adhesion of reaping hook cells to the endothelium and act as a azotic oxide giver, doing this drug rather good to utilize. A multi-centre survey of hydroyurea ( MSH ) in 299 grownups with SCD showed important benefits of utilizing this drug as patients h ad less one-year painful crises ( Charache et al.,1995 ) . A follow-up survey nine old ages on showed that these patients had a better quality of life ( Steinberg et al. , 2003 ) . Despite its clinical benefits, many patients are disbelieving about it being a chemotherapeutic drug and are hence disquieted about the long term side effects ( Frennete et al. , 2007 ) . Bone marrow organ transplant can bring around SCD. About 175 HLA matched sibling grafts have been reported with greater than 80 % disease free patients holding a quality life ( Howard et al. , 2007 ) , nevertheless, troubles lie in happening a blood-donor lucifer and there is a hazard of decease associated with this procedure due to high doses of chemotherapy and radiation ( Frenette et al, 2007 ) . A possible remedy for SCD is cistron therapy, where infixing a normal cistron will convey about production a normal hemoglobin or shift of the faulty cistron. This is presently being investigated in research surveies as there are frights over the safety of genomic interpolation ( Sadelain et al, 2006 ) . Present surveies have shown that prenatal and neonatal showing for hemoglobinopathies in England has led to early sensing of affected kids, therefore, cut downing the post-natal and childhood morbidity and mortality ( Old J M 2007 ) . 3. History Haemoglobin ( Hb ) is an Fe incorporating protein, which carries O from the lungs to the organic structure ‘s cells and tissues ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . After 3-6months of age Hb A is the dominant hemoglobin, with little measures of hemoglobins F and A2 ( Hofbrand et el, 2001 ) . Normal hemoglobins in grownup human blood are as follows: HbA: ?2 I?2 ( 96-98 % ) HbF: ?2?2 ( 0.5-0.8 % ) Hb A2: ?2?2 ( 1.5-3.2 % ) Sickle cell disease is caused by a permutation at place 6 of a individual amino acid in the DNA sequence of the ? hematohiston concatenation ( fig. 1 ) . The minor alteration of glutamic acid for valine, as illustrated in figure 1, consequences in an altered hemoglobin discrepancy known as the Sickle Hb ( Hb S ) ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) , which reduces the endurance of ruddy cells and causes irreversible sickling of ruddy cells at low O conditions ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . Consequently SCD patients endure a assortment of symptoms runing from anemia, terrible bone hurting ( referred to as sickle crisis ) , stroke, acute thorax hurting, to multi organ harm ( Gladwin et al, 2008 ) . Amino acid pro glu glu Normal ?- concatenation Base composing CCT Joke Joke Base composing CCT GTG Joke Sickle concatenation pro val gluFig 1. Showing a individual base alteration in the he DNA sequence, where A ( A ) is replaced by T ( T ) . This permutation consequences in an amino acid alteration from glutamic acid to valine in the 6th place. ( Adapted from Hoffbrand et Al, 2001 ) . Normal ruddy blood cells are flexible and round in form. Their flexibleness and form allows them to go freely through little blood vass, known as capillaries ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . ) . Hb S is indissoluble when exposed to low O environments and may organize polymers which may change the ruddy cell membrane from a biconcave form to a sickle form. In oxygenated environments, sickled molded cells can alter back to the biconcave form ; nevertheless frequent form alterations may do lasting harm doing some cells to stay sickled. ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . Furthermore, these sickled cells circulate at a slower rate compared to normal ruddy cells and tend to go stuck, therefore barricading vass in the microcirculation and doing infarcts of assorted variety meats ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . Discussion Surveies in the last two decennaries were more focused on direction of the return of cerebrovascular diseases ( CVA ) . Recently the focal point is now on forestalling the happening of a first CVA ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ) . Hemolytic anemia is associated to many complications of SCD ( Lezcano et al, 2006 ) . Assorted surveies have linked low Hb, and hemolytic markers such as Retics, LDH, AST and creatinine to cerebrovascicar diseases such as shot. ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . Incidence of ischemic shot is higher in SCD kids impacting about 6 % by the age of 10years ( Howard et al, 2007, Deane et Al, 2008 ) . It is associated with an occlusive vasculopathy impacting the distal, proximal and anterior arterias ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . The narrowing of these vass may develop over months to old ages before symptoms of a Stroke may happen ( Adams et al. , 1997 ; Bulas et Al, 2000 ) . Designation of hazard factors for shot is of import because it offers the possibilities of forestalling it. Clinical surveies have identified some research lab trials as hazard factors for shot. ( Kirkham et al, 2007 ) , but none has strong anticipation when compared to TCD ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ) . Surveies by Adams et al 1998 and Lezacano et Al 2006 have shown that the disposal of regular blood transfusion therapy in kids with unnatural TCD measurings reduces both plasma hemoglobin and serum LDH degrees. LDH has long been associated as a marker of intravascular hemolysis by Neely et Al, 1969. Surveies by Ballas et Al, 1991 and Kato et Al, 2006 found serum LDH the dominant biomarker in intravascular hemolysis and besides strong correlativities of LDH with hemolytic markers such as hemoglobin, retics and AST in grownups with SCD. A recent survey by O’driscoll and co-workers done at King ‘s College Hospital in London in 2007 reported that high serum LDH in kids with SCD correlatives to abnormal TCD measurings. This determination suggests that LDH can be a important biomarker or a hazard factor for shot in kids with SCD. They besides reported important correlativities between LDH, Hb, Retics and AST. Furthermore, Rees et Al in 2008 found important correlativities between unnatural TCD consequences and Hb, Retics, AST and age. These happening were used to develop an index which can be used to place kids with SCD probably to hold unnatural TCD values. The survey by O’driscoll and co-workers is the first survey which demonstrates that a high serum LDH degree in SCD kids has strong correlativities with unnatural TCD measurings. Therefore in this survey we aim to utilize LDH as one of the research lab parametric quantities and farther validate the survey at Kings in the patient population at CMH. Extra showing factors for shot are hence needed. With this attack in head, Hb F, Hb S and WBC will besides be analysed in this survey. The importance of WBC arise from observations that high leucocytes is associated to terrible complications of SCD and from findings by Platt et al.,1994 that leucocytosis is a hazard factor in clinically open shot and in acute thorax syndrome ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ; Mark et al. , 2008 ) . High WBC is reported to correlate significantly with shot ( Frenette et al, 2007 ) , therefore a good parametric quantity to mensurate in this survey. Hb F is said to cut down the hemolysis, thereby cut downing the hazard of shot in kids ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . The genotypes, HBSS and HBSC kids will be assessed to see which group is more at hazard for shot. The current theories of complications of SCD particularly with respects to cerebrovascular disease are largely focussed on hemolysis and the bioavailability of NO. ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . Chronic hemolysis leads to the release of plasma Hb which sucks up NO. NO is a vasodilative, hence less NO in the microcirculation upsets the balance between vasoconstriction and vasodilation which consequence in endothelial disfunction ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . More surveies in understanding hemolysis and the function played by NO will assist in understanding SCD complications and cut down its badness in the hereafter. ( Kato et al. , 2007 ) . Several surveies has suggested that, there is a nexus between shot and hemolysis and that shot is associated with low hemoglobin and compensatory reticulocytes. ( Kato et al.,2007 ) . With that attack, we aim to mensurate the undermentioned research lab parametric quantities: Hb, Retic, AST, Creatinine and LDH and correlate them to abnormal TCD measurings. Future PROSPECTS Recommendations for future pattern to include precedence for TCD scan given to kids who have been identified with these research lab parametric quantities so that primary stroke can be avoided and preventative steps such as, transfusion or exchange transfusion is given. This will so better their attention. How to cite Children With Sickle Cell Disease Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Standardization of the English Language Essay Example For Students

Standardization of the English Language Essay Standardization of the English LanguageThere are several important events before 1500 that when listed together show aseries of steps in the struggle for English language supremacy. These steps aremainly governmental, legal and official events that pushed English usage. In1356 The Sheriffs Court in London and Middlesex were conducted in English forthe first time. When Parliament opened in 1362 the Statute of Pleading wasissued declaring English as a language of the courts as well as of Parliament,but it was not until 1413 that English became the official language of thecourts everywhere. Thirteen years later in 1423, Parliament records start beingwritten in English. 1400 marks date that English is used in writing wills, aseemingly small step, but one that impacted many people and began a legacy ofrecord keeping in English. In 1450 English became the language used in writingtown laws and finally 1489 saw all statutes written in English. But it was notuntil 1649 that English became the language of legal documents in place of Latin. The formal rules intended to keep the use of French in official capacities werenot enough to combat the effects of the Black Death and the Hundred Years Warbetween France and England, which both contributed greatly to the rise ofEnglish and fall of French. By the fourteenth century, English was again knownby most people, although French was not forgotten, and the people who spokeFrench were generally bilingual. The Statute of Pleading made it law thatEnglish and not French would be used in the courts. However, it needs to beemphasized that at the end of this statement, it says that after the pleadings,debates, etc. in English were finished, they should be entered and enrolled inLatin. English became the official language of the court in 1413, but French waspermitted until the eighteenth century. More than the official bureaucratic changes in rules and law were the changes inthe use of the language by the everyday speakers. The changes that distinguishEarly Modern English from Middle English are substantial. The rules for spellingwere set down for the first time. The key is the new consistency used byteachers, printers and eventually by the general populace. The sign of maturityfor English was the agreement on one set of rules replacing the spelling free-for-all that had existed. Out of the variety of local dialects there emerged toward the end of thefourteenth century a written language that in course of the fifteenth centurywon general recognition and has since become the recognized standard in speechand writing. The part of England that contributed most to the formation of thisstandard was the East Midland type of English that became itst basis,particularly the dialect of the metropolis, London. East Midland district wasthe largest and most populous of the major dialect areas. There were also twouniversities, Oxford and Cambridge. In the fourteenth century the monasterieswere playing a less important role in the spread of learning than they had onceplayed, while the two universities had developed into important intellectualcenters. So far as Cmbridge is concerned any ist influence was exerted insupport of the East Midland dialect. That of Oxford is less certain becauseOxfordshire was on the border between Midland and Southern and its dialectshows certain c haracteristic Southern features. Written London English of the close of the fourteenth century as used by anumber of Middle English authors, such as John Gower and Geoffrey Chaucer, hadnot achived the status of a regional standard but was soon to become the basisfor a new national literary standard of English. It was the language of thecapital. Geographically, it occupied a position midway between the extreme Northand the extreme South. Already by 1430, this new standard had assumed arelatively mature form. It was spread throughout England by professional clerksin the administrative apparatus of the country and also became the model forbusiness aand pri-vate correspondence in English. It was this Chancery standard,the normal language for all official written communication by the time whenCaxton set up his Printing Press in West-minster (1476), which became the directancestor of Modern Standard English. As a result of this developments, the useof regional dialects in writing receded more and more in the course of the fifteenth century until, in the Early Modern English period, writing came to beexclusively done in the standard literary language. Tension in Poetry Sample EssayThe orthographical reformers of the seventeenth century were soon joined bygrammarians. Aims at regularizing grammar became more and more pronounced inthe latter part of the seventeenth century and completly dominated grammaticalthinking in the century to follow, and not grammatical thinking in the narrowsense only. The laying down of rules about acceptable usage was now, andespecially in the latter half of the eighteenth century, extended to allcomponents of Standard English. In the latter part of the fifteenth century the London standard had beenaccepted in most parts of the country. By the middle of the century a fairlycosistent variety of written English in both spelling and grammar had developed. With the introdution of printing in 1476 a new influence of great importance inthe spread of London English came into play. From the beginning London has beenthe centre of book publishing in England. Caxton the first English printer, usedthe current speech of London in his numerous translations, and the books theissued from his press and from the presses of his successors gave a currency toLondon English that assured more than anything else its rapid adoption. In thesixteenth century the use of London English had become a matter of precept aswell as practice. From the time of Caxton on, English is not merely a series of related oraldialects, which are occasionaly written. It is a fully developed cultural tongue,the equal, in its own fashion, of the Latin and Greek of Classical antiquity. Itis a language with a numerous body of unified speakers and writers, a languagewith a vast potential and actual market. The modern English that emerges fromthe era of Chaucer and Caxton is a tongue that still possesses vastpossibilities of change, channeled in the direction of vocabulary rather than ofsounds or grammatical structure. Bibliography1. Baugh, A. and Cable Thomas, A History of the English Language ( London, 1978)2. Berndt, Rolf, History of the English Language ( Leipzig, 1982 )3. Blake, Norman, The Cambridge History of the English Language ( Cambridge,1992 )4. Burnley, David, The Language of Chaucer ( London, 1989 )5. Pei, Mario, The Story of the English Language ( New York, 1967 )6. Strang, Barbara, A History of English ( London, 1970 ) English